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特别策划

港交所拟提高上市门槛,中小房企冲刺最后一跃

在港交所门槛提高和 “三道红线”的双重预期压力下,中小房企冲刺IPO的需求变得更加迫切。

12月11日,年末踩点上市的大唐地产,首日股价一度大跌20%,为今年这场中小房企赴港IPO潮画上一个不算圆满的句号。

从数量上来看,2020年港交所上市的房企共有7家,相比2018年和2019年均为6家,今年创下近3年来的新高;但从质量上来看,除了号称“最后一家未上市的千亿房企”祥生控股表现尚可,其余6家均经历多次递表、认购不足或首日破发的尴尬情况,资本市场的冷漠态度更加明显。

但是,相比陷入递交招股书-失效-重新递交循环的三巽控股和中国文旅、招股书失效后再无动作的海伦堡、奥山控股等,以及4次递表失效“遭拒”的万创国际,成功上市的7家房企已经是十足的“幸运儿”,今后的中小房企赴港IPO之路,显然只会更加坎坷。

12月以来,港交所陆续推出多项措施,拟从最低盈利方面提高主板上市公司门槛。IPG中国区首席经济学家柏文喜认为,如果该举措确定将在明年7月落地,很多中小房企都会赶在规则生效前蜂拥上市,“预计明年上半年会形成一波上市潮。” 同时,因为市场供股过量,招股计划和发行价格都会有所影响,“很有可能造成企业需要在市盈率非常低的情况下流血上市。”

此外,汇生国际融资总裁黄立冲分析,因为疫情叠加经济环境影响,预计明年符合上市要求的中小房企会更少,“今年上市的都是疫情前启动的房企。”

在港交所门槛提高和 “三道红线”的双重预期压力下,中小房企冲刺IPO的需求变得更加迫切。但随着规模房企的陆续就位、资本市场对地产公司关注度的持续下降,夹缝中求生存的中小房企,想要讲出一个好故事只会越来越难。

12年的上市梦,大唐地产首日破发

截止12月17日,三巽控股和中国文旅于10月再次递交的招股书,目前仍显示“处理中”,大概率无法在今年完成上市,2020年房企赴港挂牌名单基本落定。

作为2020年最后一家成功上市的房企,大唐集团控股 (02117.HK,以下简称“大唐地产”)的曲折经历,让市场对明年的房企赴港上市之路难言乐观。

复盘来看,大唐地产的IPO之路走了整整12年。2008年,首次计划上市的大唐地产,因金融危机叠加创始人余英仪辞世,上市进程被按下暂停键;2019年11月,大唐地产赴港上市递表,但仍未成功,招股书于2020年5月失效;三天后,大唐地产火速递交新的招股书,最终赶在2020年11月,招股书再次失效之前通过聆讯,正式登陆资本市场。

可惜的是,迟到12年的钟声,并没有带来新的喜悦。开盘前夕,大唐地产暗盘破发,首日股价更是迎来惊险“过山车”。

12月11日早间,大唐地产开盘报4.56港元/股,与发行价持平,总市值60.80亿港元;开盘后,一度跌至3.61港元/股,跌幅超20%,之后又快速反弹;截至下午收盘,报4.59港元/股,上涨0.66%,总市值约为61.20亿港元。

业内人士分析,大唐地产被资本市场“冷落“的主要原因是基本面不佳,这也是目前中小房企上市困难的普遍原因——规模偏小、盈利不稳定以及负债过高。

虽然大唐地产总裁郝胜春曾在2019年公开表示“三年冲千亿”的业绩目标,但从这两年的业绩来看,梦想与现实之间的差距不小。克而瑞数据显示,大唐地产2017年-2019年的全口径销售金额分别为144.7亿元、308.6亿元、339.5亿元,2020年前11个月全口径销售金额为342.1亿元。没有资本助力,高增长的销售业绩仅仅是昙花一现。

核心利润数据方面,大唐地产的优势也并不突出。2017年-2019年,大唐地产分别实现营收40.19亿元、54.96亿元、81.08亿元;净利润分别为4.13亿元、5.88亿元、6.27亿元;整体毛利率分别为24%、27.8%及27%,呈现下降趋势。最新招股书的数据显示,大唐地产2020年上半年的营收、净利润双双下滑,但考虑到上半年疫情影响,需等全年数据公布再做分析。

资本市场比较关注的核心数据中,相对亮眼的是净负债率。在股东的强力“输血”降温之下,大唐地产的净负债比率从2017年的高达1087.9%、骤降至2018年的408.8%,并在2019年进一步大幅下降至119.2%,从降负债的快准狠程度,可以窥探大唐地产的上市决心和能力。但是,这种“速冻”降负债的可持续性存疑,在众多赴港IPO的中小房企中也不算特别突出,从最新数据来看,“三条红线”仍踩中两条。

虽然因为基本面不佳、缺乏想象力等原因,大唐地产的上市之路相当坎坷,但坚持冲刺IPO的理由也足够充分。

往期数据显示,大唐地产的融资渠道比较单一,主要通过内部现金流、银行贷款和信托融资获取项目资金,其中,预售物业所得款项占比超过50%。

信托贷款成本高昂,银行贷款金额规模小且流程复杂,显然都无法满足公司的规模化发展需求,上市门槛相对较低、融资渠道丰富的港股市场,成为大唐地产眼下最便捷也最有希望的融资平台。

尽管强行“闯关”免不了要遭遇诸多尴尬,但对于外有融资压力,内有规模需求的大唐地产来说,只要能顺利登陆资本市场,落地的姿势是否漂亮已经不重要。

失效的招股书,中小房企开启艰难自救

招股书失效、认购不足、首日破发……作为今年收官之作的大唐地产,其艰难上市的经历几乎是今年所有中小房企赴港IPO的缩影。

虽然中小房企上市之路一直并不顺利,但相比前两年,今年内地房企在香港上市的排队等候的周期明显拉长。

据锋面News统计,今年成功上市的7家房企中,首次递交招股书到获批上市的平均等待时间达到253天。其中,除了TOP30房企祥生控股,其余6家房企均经历多次递表。

2020年房企赴港挂牌上市情况

数据来源公司公告及公开信息,制表:锋面News

按照港交所规定,企业未在6个月内完成上市的,招股书将显示“失效”,需要重新递交招股书。不少仍未上市的房企便陷入递交招股书-失效-重新递交的循环过程中,例如4月递交招股书的三巽控股、中国文旅,10月招股书失效后,当月立即重新递表。但也有房企在招股书失效后再无后续,例如奥山控股和海伦堡地产。

针对今年频繁出现的房企多次递表现象,克而瑞证券首席分析师孙杨解释,“一是和联交所审核速度有关,另一个就是公司的情况需要进一步解释,回答问题中跨了财报季。”

黄立冲认为,今年审批机构速度放缓与今年疫情有一定关系。两地关口封闭,中介机构无法返回内地进行谨慎调查,工作效率有所降低,审批机构也因疫情影响,存在审批不顺畅等情况,“这是今年独有的。”

但他也强调,除了少数市场炽热的时期,香港上市的内地中小房企遭遇发行挑战,20多年都是如此。“主要是对商业模式的不认可。”黄立冲表示,海外房企主要在土地开发过程中获取利润,同时,房企可以利用开发型基金和不动产基金等模式将开发的物业套现,无需花钱囤地,但内地房企开发模式不同,其主要利润正是来源于囤地。“投资者认为,内地房企存在两种天然的高风险,一种是高金融杠杆的风险,另外一种是政治风险(金融调控)。”

柏文喜的观点基本一致。他认为,中小房企今年的赴港之路显得格外艰难,一方面是因为大经济环境变化增强了行业不确定性,影响市场对地产股,尤其是中小内房股的判断,另一方面,“企业基本面不够好,市场接纳程度较低以及拟上市中小房企过多导致供股过量,超越了市场接纳能力。” 这既是今年的特殊情况,“也会形成未来的一种主要趋势。”

“企业太小,能上市已经不容易了。”中原地产首席分析师张大伟表示,在房企规模化趋势下,眼下这批中小房企赴港IPO之路其实还称不上艰难,“上市是为了拓展融资渠道,现在看,港股依然是最好的渠道,大部分企业还是成功了。”

双重预期压力下,中小房企路在何方?

眼下来看,真正面临生存考验的,还是游走在港交所大门外的中小房企。

上周,港交所发布有关主板盈利规定的咨询文件,建议将盈利规定按市值规定于2018年的增幅百分比调高150%,或按恒生指数平均收报点数(由1994年至2019年)的概约增幅调高200%。这意味着,一旦上述措施确定落实,港股上市门槛将明显提高,部分规模偏小、盈利能力较差的中小房企将直接失去上市资格。

一面是“三道红线”的预期压力,房企融资端进一步收紧,中小房企在降负债和拼规模的双重压力下陷入发展困境;一面是港交所有意通过最低盈利要求提高上市门槛,进一步压缩中小房企上市的时间和空间,最后一扇门正在缓缓关闭。

在双重预期压力的影响下,作为“活下去”的主要途径,中小房企赴港IPO难度将继续增加,柏文喜判断,明年上半年可能迎来一波中小房企上市潮。

“上市募资获得的是权益性资本,在改善房企资金面的同时会大大优化企业的财务结构和提升资产流动性,对于下一步的融资会更加有利。”柏文喜建议,多次冲击IPO失败的中小房企有三条路可以走,一是继续提升规模,重新递表申报;二是引进战投;三是加快推盘和销售,改善企业基本面。

黄立冲认为, “如果不利用资本市场募集股本和外债,一旦国内金融环境改变就只能等死。”而且,相比大门紧闭的A股,房企目前选择在港股上市的门槛还是相对更低,融资渠道也会更丰富。“募集资金和投资方向都可以多一种选择,可以考虑投资国外开发房地产、可以发行美元债、可以发行股份,多一条活路。”

坚持冲刺IPO的理由大多是相似的,但无法上市的房企各有各的苦衷。

“因为金融风险、金融管控等影响,目前资本市场还是比较冷静,部分企业不见得能够获得上市的机会。”易居研究院智库中心研究总监严跃进认为,“如果不能上市,那就本质上回归初心做产品。”通过好产品建立良好的口碑,即使在二线城市,也能有一定的生存空间。

孙杨对这类“小而美”房企的未来发展也保持相对乐观的态度。“资本市场上,投资人主要还是向头部房企倾斜,但中小房企依然有机会,目前中小房企单B评级的公司占中资地产美元发债的比例近50%。”

“小而美的重点是美,没有高杠杆、重债务等压力。”另一位业内人士补充道,“这样才有机会活下去。”

文/陈湘婷

图/图虫创意

编辑/仰镜伊

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